In 1926, the National Institute of Agronomic and Forestry Research and Experiences (INIEAF) was set up with the objective of coordinating all the studies carried out in Spain in the areas of agronomy, forestry and livestock. However, the INIEAF had a short life, since in 1929 the Forestry Institute of Research and Experiences (IFIE) was set up. Its headquarters were established in a wing of the Alfonso XII Agricultural Institute in the University quarter of Madrid.
In 1931 the Spanish Forest Fauna Laboratory of Fish Farming and Ornithology was incorporated into IFIE. Since its facilities, laboratories and library were located in the University quarter, they were destroyed during the Spanish civil war. Once the war was over, the construction of a new building for the Institute on a plot donated by Spanish Heritage on Mount “El Pardo” (current location of INIA), was approved.
At the same time, in 1932 the National Institute of Agronomic Research (INIA) was set up with the objective of coordinating and making agronomic research and experimentation more effective. Among the assigned functions, the INIA was responsible for disseminating, through publications, the results of the work carried out by the agronomic research and experimentation centers that comprised it.
At the beginning, INIA depended on the General Directorate of Agriculture of the former Ministry of Agriculture, Industry and Development. It was located in the agronomic area of the University quarter, where the ancient National Agronomic Institute had been before the civil war.
Regarding the livestock field, the General Directorate of Livestock and the Institute of Animal Biology were set up in 1931. It was structured into three large sections: Physio-zootechnics, Animal Pathology and Contrasting.
In 1952, the Board of Animal Biology was founded as an Autonomous Organization dependent on the Ministry of Agriculture. It was made up of the aforementioned services and the Institute of Artificial Insemination, which were given technical autonomy in their management and organization in accordance with the specificity of their functions. Its mission was to promote, guide and coordinate scientific and technical research for the conservation, promotion and improvement of the Spanish livestock. As a consequence of the creation of the Board of Trustees, the Institutes of Animal Biology and Artificial Insemination disappeared.
These three research institutions (IFIE, INIA and the Board of Animal Biology) have been closely linked to the university throughout history through the Technical Colleges of Agronomic Engineers and Forestry Engineers of the Polytechnic University of Madrid and the vet school of the Complutense University of Madrid.
In 1971, as a result of the merger of the National Institute of Agronomic Research, the Forestry Institute of Research and Experiences and the Board of Animal Biology, the National Institute of Agrarian Research (INIA) was set up and assigned to the Ministry of Agriculture (later Ministry of Agriculture, Fishing and Food).
In 1991, INIA was renamed as the National Institute of Agricultural and Food Research and Technology, expanding its scope of action and its lines of research. In 2000, together with other Public Research Organizations, was assigned to the former Ministry of Science and Technology, and in 2004 to the former Ministry of Education and Science. In 2008 it was assigned to the Ministry of Science and Innovation as a Public Research Organization responsible for the coordination of R&D&I in the agrifood sector at national level, as well as for the execution of research projects in close collaboration with the corresponding socioeconomic sectors.
Subsequently, in accordance with Act 40/2015 on the Legal Regime of the Public Sector, INIA became an autonomous body of the General State Administration with the name of "National Institute of Agricultural and Food Research and Technology, O.A., M.P."
Nowdays, according to Royal Decree 202/2021, of March 30, which reorganizes certain public research organizations of the General State Administration and modifies Royal Decree 1730/2007, of December 21, which creates the State Agency Spanish National Research Council and approves its Statute, and Royal Decree 404/2020, of February 25, which develops the basic organic structure of the Ministry of Science and Innovation, INIA is integrated into the Spanish National Research Council (CSIC).
Therefore, the public research organization INIA, with a differentiated legal personality, has been extinguished with the entry into force of the mentioned royal decree, creating the National Center National Institute for Agricultural and Food Research and Technology (INIA).
In accordance with article 9.1 of said Royal Decree, CSIC, through the National Center INIA, will guarantee the carrying out of said Center's own research activities as well as the provision of scientific and technical support in the agri-food field to the agrarian policy both from the Ministry of Agriculture, Fisheries and Food, and the Ministry for the Ecological Transition and the Demographic Challenge, supporting them in the evaluation of environmental risks derived from both chemical and biological agents, including genetically modified organisms.